Physics

• Units of measurement
• Systems of units SI units
• Fundamental and derived Units
• Basic measurements Length, mass and time measurement, accuracy and precision in measurement, errors in measurement significant figures.
• Dimensions of a Physical quantity
• Applications of dimensional analysis

• Frames of Reference
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration
• Scalar and Vector
• Quantities position and displacement vectors
• general vectors and notation
• equality of vectors
• Vector operations:
  • addition and subtraction of vectors
  • unit vectors
  • resolution of a vector in a plane
  • rectangular components
  • multiplication of a vector by a real number
  • scalar product of vectors
  • vector product of vectors
• Motion in a straight Line
  • Displacement, speed and velocity
  • Uniform and non uniform Motion
  • Average and instantaneous speed and velocity
  • Position-time and velocity-time graphs for a uniform motion
  • Concept of acceleration, uniform acceleration, average and instantaneous acceleration
  • Average and instantaneous acceleration
  • uniformly accelerated motion
  • Velocity-time and position-time graphs for a (one-dimensional)
  • uniformly accelerated Motion
  • Mathematical relations for uniformly accelerated motion
  • Graphical derivation of equations of motion for a uniformly accelerated motion
  • Relative velocity
• Motion in a Plane
  • Motion in a plane
  • Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration
• Projectile Motion
  • Meaning
  • Mathematical relations
  • Definition of the some basic terms
• Uniform Circular

• Force and Inertia
  • intuitive concept of force
  • “definition‟ of force
  • inertia
• Newton’s laws of motion
  • The first law of motion
  • Concept of momentum
  • Second law of motion
  • Impulse
  • Third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its application
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Friction
  • static and kinetic friction
  • Laws of friction
  • Rolling friction
  • Lubrication
• state Newton‟s third law of motion.
• understand that ,in nature, forces always occur in pairs.
• appreciate that forces of action and reaction act on different bodies and hence do not cancel each other.
• cite examples of Newton‟s third law of motion in everyday life situations.
• understand that the internal forces in a body or a system of particles always add up to give a null force.
• state the law of conservation of linear momentum.

• work done by a
  • constant force
  • variable force
• Energy
  • Kinetic energy
  • Work-energy theorem
  • Potential energy
  • Potential energy of a spring
  • Different forms of energy
  • Law of conservation of energy.
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
  • conservative forces
  • conservation of mechanical (kinetic and potential) energy
  • non-conservative forces
• Motion in a vertical circle
  • motion in a vertical circle
  • understand the concept of “mechanical energy‟
• know about the different forms of energy available in nature.
• state the law of conservation of energy and appreciate its significance.
• state the “work-energy theorem‟ and prove if for a variable force.
• appreciate the significance of the “work-energy theorem‟.
• understand the concept of potential energy and write the general formula for its calculation.

• Centre of mass
  • Centre of mass of a two particle
  • system
  • Momentum
  • conservation and centre of mass motion
  • Centre of mass of a rigid body
  • Centre of mass of uniform rod
• Motion of a Rigid Body
  • translational motion
  • rotational motion
  • processional motion
  • combination of translational and rotational motion
• angular velocity
• angular acceleration
• analogy between translational and rotational motion
• kinematical equations of motion for rotational motion.
• solve problems on calculation of centre of mass for a system of particles and for combination of regular shaped bodies.
• analyse the details of the motion of the centre of mass of a system of particles
• understand the reason for regarding the “centre of mass‟ of a system of particles, as the point where all the mass of the system may be regarded as concentrated
• prove that the total momentum, of a system of particles, is equal to the product of the total mass of the system and Equilibrium of rigid bodies
• meaning of equilibrium of a rigid body
• conditions for equilibrium of a rigid body
• principle of moments
• Centre of gravity
  • meaning
  • significance

• Planetary motion
• Kepler‟s law of planetary motion
• Universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity
• Concept of g
• Variation of g with altitude
• Variation of g with depth inside earth
• Gravitational Field
• Gravitational potential energy
• Gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geo-stationary satellite

• Elasticity
• Elastic behavior
• Stress-strain relationship
• Hooke‟s law
• Young‟s modulus
• Bulk modulus
• Shear
• Modulus of rigidity
• Poisson‟s ratio
• Elastic energy
• Pressure in a fluid
• Pressure due to a fluid column
• Pascal‟s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes)
• Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity
• Stoke‟s law
• Terminal velocity
• Reynold‟s number
• Streamline and turbulent flow
• Critical velocity
• Bernoulli‟s theorem and its applications
• Surface Tension
• Surface energy and surface tension
• Angle of contact
• Excess of pressure
• Application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
• Thermal properties of matter
• Heat and temperature
• Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
• Specific heat capacity
• Calorimetry
• Change of state – latent heat capacity
• Heat transfer
• Conduction, convection and radiation
• Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation
• Green house effect
• Thermal conductivity
• Newton‟s law of cooling
• Wein‟s displacement law
• Stefan‟s law

• Concept of Temperature
• Thermal Equilibrium
• Definition of temperature
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• First Law of Thermodyna mics
• Heat, work and internal energy
• 1st law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and Adiabatic process
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engines
• Refrigerators

• Perfect gas
• Equation of state
• compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases
• Assumptions
• Concept of pressure
• Kinetic energy and temperature
• RMS speed of gas molecule
• degrees of freedom
• law of equipartition of theory (statement only) and its application to the specific heat capacities of gases
• Concept of mean free path
• Avogadro‟s number

• Periodic motion period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
• Equation of SHM Phase
• Oscillation of a spring–restoring force and force constant
• Energy in SHM
• Simple pendulum –derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only)
• resonance
• Wave motion
• Transverse and longitudinal wave
• Speed of wave motion
• Displacement relation for progressive wave
• Superposition of waves
• Principle of superposition of waves
• Reflection of waves
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes
• Fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats
• Doppler effect

Experiments(08 Marks)

• To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body using Vernier callipers.
• To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier callipers and hence find its volume.
• To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.
• To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge.
• To measure volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.
• To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
• To determine the mass of two different objects using a beam balance.
• To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.
• Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length of a second’s pendulum using appropriate graph.
• To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find thcoefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
• To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination (θ) by plotting graph between force and sin θ.

Activities(07 Marks)

• To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g. 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm.
• To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.
• To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.
• To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.
• To study the variation in the range of a jet of water with the angle of projection.
• To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane (using a double inclined plane).
• To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph between square ofamplitude and time.

Experiments(08 Marks)

• To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.
• To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension.
• To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and 1/V.
• To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
• To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
• To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve.
• To determine specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid (ii) liquid, by method of mixtures.
• To study the relation :
  • Between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension using sonometer.
  • Between the length of a given wire and tension for constant frequency using sonometer.
• To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions.

Activities(07 Marks)

• To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.
• To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.
• To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret the observations.
• To study the effect of detergent on surface tension of water by observing capillary rise.
• To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.
• To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped meter scale loaded at
  • At its end
  • In the middle.